I.  BOURGEOIS AND PROLETARIANS

*Oppositions were decried as "communistic" by those in power.
*Always this fight through history with oppressor/oppressed, haves/haves nots.
*Subordinate gradations in many classes throughout history.
*The modern bourgeois society sprouted from ruins of feudal society--did not do away with
oppression, it created new forms.
*2 great classes created: bourgeoisie & proletariat.
*Burghers/burgesses from serfs in the Middle Ages dev. bourgeoisie.
Rapid dev's came from discovery of America, Chinese markets, trade, colonies, navigation, industry:
radical development made the feudal society dissapear. Increase in exchange of commodities, too.
*The closed guilds no longer sufficed, manufacturing middle class changed div. of labor.
Those guilds once monopolized industrial production.
*Modern bourgeois then lead the industry; steam and then machinery revolutionized industrial
production.  Millionaires, industrial middle class, modern industry.
*Modern indust. est. the world market. Disc. of America paved the way.
*The executive of modern state is a committee that manages common affairs of the whole bourgeoisie.
*National and local literature creates "World" literature.
*Makes foreign civilizations NEED to have products, that are often cheap. To adopt bourgeois mode
of production.
*Means of production and of exchange, on whose foundation the bourgeoisie built itself up, were
generated in feudal society.
*Into the place of feudal relations of property, stepped free competition, accompanied by a
social and political constitution adapted to it, and by theeconomical and political sway of 
the bourgeois class.
*Proletarians--modern working class.
*The bourgeoisie forge weapons to bring death to itself; proletarians wield them.
*Capital is dev. in the same proportion as proletariat, who live only so long as they find work,
and who find work so long as their labour increases capital. They are a commodity, and exposed to
fluctuation, competition, market.

*Altogether collisions between the classes of the old society
further, in many ways, the course of development of the
proletariat. The bourgeoisie finds itself involved in a constant
battle. At first with the aristocracy; later on, with those
portions of the bourgeoisie itself, whose interests have become
antagonistic to the progress of industry; at all times, with the
bourgeoisie of foreign countries. In all these battles it sees
itself compelled to appeal to the proletariat, to ask for its
help, and thus, to drag it into the political arena. The
bourgeoisie itself, therefore, supplies the proletariat with its
own instruments of political and general education, in other
words, it furnishes the proletariat with weapons for fighting
the bourgeoisie.

*10 Hours Bill: 

*Further, as we have already seen, entire sections of the ruling
classes are, by the advance of industry, precipitated into the
proletariat, or are at least threatened in their conditions of
existence.  These also supply the proletariat with fresh elements
of enlightenment and progress.

*Of all the classes that stand face to face with the bourgeoisie
today, the proletariat alone is a really revolutionary class.
The other classes decay and finally disappear in the face of
Modern Industry; the proletariat is its special and essential
product.  The lower middle class, the small manufacturer, the
shopkeeper, the artisan, the peasant, all these fight against the
bourgeoisie, to save from extinction their existence as fractions
of the middle class.  They are therefore not revolutionary, but
conservative.  Nay more, they are reactionary, for they try
to roll back the wheel of history.  If by chance they are
revolutionary, they are so only in view of their impending
transfer into the proletariat, they thus defend not their
present, but their future interests, they desert their own
standpoint to place themselves at that of the proletariat.

*All the preceding classes that got the upper hand, sought to
fortify their already acquired status by subjecting society at
large to their conditions of appropriation.  The proletarians
cannot become masters of the productive forces of society, except
by abolishing their own previous mode of appropriation, and
thereby also every other previous mode of appropriation.  They
have nothing of their own to secure and to fortify; their mission
is to destroy all previous securities for, and insurances of,
individual property.

*All previous historical movements were movements of minorities,
or in the interests of minorities.  The proletarian movement is
the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority,
in the interests of the immense majority.  The proletariat, the
lowest stratum of our present society, cannot stir, cannot raise
itself up, without the whole superincumbent strata of official
society being sprung into the air.

*Hitherto, every form of society has been based, as we have
already seen, on the antagonism of oppressing and oppressed
classes.  But in order to oppress a class, certain conditions
must be assured to it under which it can, at least, continue its
slavish existence.  The serf, in the period of serfdom, raised
himself to membership in the commune, just as the petty
bourgeois, under the yoke of feudal absolutism, managed to
develop into a bourgeois.  The modern laborer, on the contrary,
instead of rising with the progress of industry, sinks deeper and
deeper below the conditions of existence of his own class.  He
becomes a pauper, and pauperism develops more rapidly than
population and wealth.  And here it becomes evident, that the
bourgeoisie is unfit any longer to be the ruling class in
society, and to impose its conditions of existence upon society
as an over-riding law.  It is unfit to rule because it is
incompetent to assure an existence to its slave within his
slavery, because it cannot help letting him sink into such a
state, that it has to feed him, instead of being fed by him.
Society can no longer live under this bourgeoisie, in other
words, its existence is no longer compatible with society.

*The essential condition for the existence, and for the sway of
the bourgeois class, is the formation and augmentation of
capital; the condition for capital is wage-labour.  Wage-labour
rests exclusively on competition between the laborers.  The
advance of industry, whose involuntary promoter is the bourgeoisie,
replaces the isolation of the labourers, due to competition,
by their revolutionary combination, due to association.  The
development of Modern Industry, therefore, cuts from under its
feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and
appropriates products.  What the bourgeoisie, therefore, produces,
above all, is its own grave-diggers.  Its fall and the victory of
the proletariat are equally inevitable.